Antibacterial properties of Maillard reaction products: Molecular mechanisms and influencing factors (Review)

Hu,Zhongshuang; Li,Jiao; Wu,Xianghuan; Wei,Yongzhong; Li,Xudong; Ji,Jing

doi:10.3892/br.2025.2019

Antibacterial properties of Maillard reaction products: Molecular mechanisms and influencing factors (Review)

Authors:
- Zhongshuang Hu
- Jiao Li
- Xianghuan Wu
- Yongzhong Wei
- Xudong Li
- Jing Ji
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Affiliations: School of Food and Pharmacy, Shanghai Zhongqiao Vocational and Technical University, Shanghai 201514, P.R. China, School of Food and Pharmacy, Shanghai Zhongqiao Vocational and Technical University, Shanghai 201514, P.R. China, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
Published online on: June 17, 2025 https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2019
Article Number: 141
Copyright: © Hu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

The Maillard reaction, a non‑enzymatic process involving the interaction between carbonyl and amino groups, has attracted substantial interest in biomedical research due to the antibacterial properties of its products. Maillard reaction products (MRPs) exhibit broad-spectrum activity against both foodborne bacteria and pathogenic strains, including antibiotic-resistant strains. These compounds inhibit microbial growth, regulate virulence and disrupt biofilm formation through mechanisms such as metal chelation, membrane disruption and interference with bacterial metabolism. As a result, MRPs emerge as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics. In the biomedical field, MRPs hold potential for applications in medical device coatings and gut microbiota modulation, where they can prevent microbial colonization and influence host‑microbe interactions. However, concerns regarding their safety, cytotoxicity and structural complexity pose significant challenges for broader implementation. Future research should focus on elucidating the structure‑activity relationships of MRPs, optimizing their production and evaluating their long‑term effects in biological systems. The present review provides an in-depth examination of the antibacterial mechanisms of MRPs, with a particular focus on identifying the bioactive molecules responsible for their activity. Additionally, it explores the potential biomedical applications of MRPs as sustainable antimicrobial agents.

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