Anti‑neuroinflammatory potential of porcine liver decomposition products in improving behavioral abnormalities: Effects on formalin‑ and LPS‑induced inflammation

Sato,Ikuya; Maeda,Tomoji; Katsuyama,So; Kawase,Takahiro; Kaku,Teppei; Takahashi,Toru; Haniu,Hisao; Tsukahara,Tamotsu; Tsukahara,Takamitsu; Matsuda,Yoshikazu

doi:10.3892/br.2025.2032

Anti‑neuroinflammatory potential of porcine liver decomposition products in improving behavioral abnormalities: Effects on formalin‑ and LPS‑induced inflammation

Authors:
- Ikuya Sato
- Tomoji Maeda
- So Katsuyama
- Takahiro Kawase
- Teppei Kaku
- Toru Takahashi
- Hisao Haniu
- Tamotsu Tsukahara
- Takamitsu Tsukahara
- Yoshikazu Matsuda
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Affiliations: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama 362‑0806, Japan, Kyoto Institute of Nutrition and Pathology, Kyoto 610‑0231, Japan, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390‑8621, Japan, SLC Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tokyo 107‑6011, Japan
Published online on: July 18, 2025 https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2032
Article Number: 154
Copyright: © Sato et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Porcine liver decomposition product (PLDP) is a functional food that enhances delayed memory recall and frontal lobe function in humans and exerts antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. In the present study, the previously unexplored anti‑inflammatory effects of PLDP were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The effects of PLDP on interleukin (IL)‑1β production were examined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated Raw 264.7 cells and on their transition to an M1 or M2 phenotype. The effects of PLDP administered 30 min before the initiation of a formalin‑induced inflammation‑related behavior were also evaluated. Furthermore, the effects of PLDP on LPS‑induced inflammation related to cytokine production and behavior in vivo were examined. PLDP was orally administered for five consecutive days and 24 h after LPS administration the mice were evaluated in an open field test and plasma cytokine production was measured. PLDP and its lipid fraction, PLDP extracted lipids (PEL) suppressed LPS‑induced IL‑1β production. Flow cytometry revealed that PEL shifted Raw 264.7 cells to the M2 phenotype. Moreover, PEL reduced phase 2 inflammation‑related behavior in formalin‑induced inflammation. In the LPS‑induced inflammation model, PLDP improved the LPS‑attenuated locomotor activity and exploratory behavior and reduced the increased plasma interferon‑γ levels. These results suggest that PLDP exerts anti‑inflammatory effects and shifts macrophages to the M2 phenotype. Furthermore, our results indicate that the lipid components in PLDP, especially phospholipids, could exert considerable central neuroprotective effects.

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