Open Access

Brain‑heart axis: Neurostimulation techniques in ischemic heart disease (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yunnan Liu
    • Haimei Yang
    • Jian Xiong
    • Ying Wei
    • Chen Yang
    • Qianhua Zheng
    • Fanrong Liang
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: July 17, 2025     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5589
  • Article Number: 148
  • Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Ischemic heart disease (IHD), mainly due to atherosclerosis and coronary microvascular dysfunction, continues to be a major cause of mortality worldwide. This condition can escalate to severe complications, including heart failure, arrhythmias and sudden cardiac mortality. In advanced stages, treatments such as coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention may be necessary. The brain‑heart axis, which facilitates the interaction between the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system via the autonomic nervous system, is crucial in the management of IHD. An imbalance in autonomic function, marked by increased sympathetic activity and diminished parasympathetic influence, can worsen cardiovascular conditions by promoting inflammation, vasoconstriction and myocardial ischemia. Innovative treatments such as spinal cord stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation show potential in re‑establishing autonomic equilibrium and improving cardiovascular function by influencing the neurocardiac interface. The present review discussed the pathophysiology of IHD and methodically examined the role of the nervous system in this disease. It emphasized the possibilities of neural modulation therapy, while identifying ongoing challenges and areas lacking in current knowledge.
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October-2025
Volume 56 Issue 4

Print ISSN: 1107-3756
Online ISSN:1791-244X

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Liu Y, Yang H, Xiong J, Wei Y, Yang C, Zheng Q and Liang F: Brain‑heart axis: Neurostimulation techniques in ischemic heart disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 56: 148, 2025.
APA
Liu, Y., Yang, H., Xiong, J., Wei, Y., Yang, C., Zheng, Q., & Liang, F. (2025). Brain‑heart axis: Neurostimulation techniques in ischemic heart disease (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 56, 148. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5589
MLA
Liu, Y., Yang, H., Xiong, J., Wei, Y., Yang, C., Zheng, Q., Liang, F."Brain‑heart axis: Neurostimulation techniques in ischemic heart disease (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56.4 (2025): 148.
Chicago
Liu, Y., Yang, H., Xiong, J., Wei, Y., Yang, C., Zheng, Q., Liang, F."Brain‑heart axis: Neurostimulation techniques in ischemic heart disease (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56, no. 4 (2025): 148. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5589