Exploiting interrelated genomic, biochemical, nutritional and pathophysiological data to optimize athletic performance (Review)

Spanakis,Marios; Fragkiadaki,Persefoni; Renieri,Elisavet; Baliou,Stella; Fragkiadoulaki,Irene; Vakonaki,Elena; Drakoulis,Nikolaos; Nosyrev,Alexander E.; Tzatzarakis,Emmanouil; Tsatsakis,Aristidis

doi:10.3892/wasj.2025.340

Exploiting interrelated genomic, biochemical, nutritional and pathophysiological data to optimize athletic performance (Review)

Authors:
- Marios Spanakis
- Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Elisavet Renieri
- Stella Baliou
- Irene Fragkiadoulaki
- Elena Vakonaki
- Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Alexander E. Nosyrev
- Emmanouil Tzatzarakis
- Aristidis Tsatsakis
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Affiliations: Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece, Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece, Center of Bioanalytical Research and Molecular Design, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
Published online on: April 1, 2025 https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.340
Article Number: 52
Copyright : © Spanakis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].

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Abstract

The present review describes a multidimensional approach for enhancing athletic performance through the integration of innovative and interrelated methodologies. In this respect, telomere dynamics, genotyping/phenotype analysis, metabolomics, biochemical tests, essential elements quantitation, echocardiography and burnout testing are jointly employed to provide a comprehensive assessment of athlete health wellness and longevity. Telomere analysis as a biomarker of effect provides novel insight into cellular dynamics, aging and adaptability, elucidating the impact of training on cellular well‑being. Genotype/phenotype analysis reveals genetic variances related to athletic performance (i.e., strength, flexibility, endurance, power, VO2 max), injury predisposition and recovery needs, facilitating the customization of training programs and interventions. Metabolomics provides a detailed overview of low‑molecular weight metabolites, revealing pivotal metabolic pathways and responses to exercise. Biochemical tests critically evaluate markers associated with energy metabolism, inflammation and recovery, providing crucial information for tailored performance optimization. Essential elements quantitation assesses micronutrient status, a vital factor for sustained peak performance. Echocardiography enables the assessment of cardiac structure and function, fine‑tuning cardiovascular performance for superior athletic output and for early detection of underlying abnormalities. Burnout testing evaluates psychological stress, fatigue levels and readiness for optimal performance, ensuring holistic well‑being. By integrating these advanced scientific methodologies, this approach yields a comprehensive understanding of athlete health. This, in turn, informs personalized interventions in training, nutrition, supplementation, injury prevention and mental wellness. Through evidence‑based, personalized strategies, this rigorous scientific framework holds significant promise in advancing athletic performance and longevity, propelling the field of sports performance optimization, and unlocking athletic excellence.

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